This region is known to work in consonance with multiple body sensations 4. Interestingly, the stimulation of specific brain regions, specifically the temporo-parietal junction area, can evoke a similar experience 3. showed that a person who observed a virtual body being touched while they were simultaneously also being touched experienced an out-of-body experience 2. The body ownership of the dummy body parts can be extended to the whole body. Synchronised visuo-tactile stimuli lead to an illusory sense of ownership of the dummy hand. One famous example is the rubber hand illusion (RHI) introduced by Botvinick and Cohen 1, where a subject observes a brush stroking a dummy hand while the subject’s real hand, which is hidden behind a partition, is also stroked. This malleability has been demonstrated in several experiments where the body awareness is altered by multisensory stimuli. The malleability of human body image is a manifestation of the flexible perceptual system. Our result suggests that IIT can explain the general tendency of the sense of ownership illusions and individual differences in subjective experience during the illusions. These general tendencies agree with many brain-image analyses and subjective reports furthermore, we found that subjective ratings as ambiguous body ownership were associated with \(\Phi\). By analysing seven different time-series of physiological data representing a small body–brain system, we demonstrate that the integrity of the whole system during the illusion decreases, while the integrity of its subsystems increases. The integrated information \(\Phi\) in IIT measures the difference between the whole system and its subsystems. This study attempts to explain subjective experience during rubber hand illusions by using integrated information theory (IIT). Although Bayesian inference can explain this malleability of body image, it still fails to relate the subjective feeling to physiological data. Phenomenologically, the ambiguous body ownership is attributed to a conflict between feeling and judgement: it characterises a discrepancy between first- and third-person processes. The illusory sense of body ownership has been studied since the publication of the rubber hand illusion, where ambiguous body ownership feeling was first defined. Human body awareness is adaptive to context changes.
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